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Praefectus urbi
The ''praefectus urbanus'' or ''praefectus urbi'', in English the urban prefect, was prefect of the city of Rome, and later also of Constantinople. The office originated under the Roman kings, continued during the Republic and Empire, and held high importance in late Antiquity. The office survived the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, and the last urban prefect of Rome, named Iohannes, is attested in 599.〔Lançon (2000), p. 45〕 In the East, in Constantinople, the office survived until the 13th century.
==Kingly period==
In 753 BC when Romulus founded the city of Rome and instituted the monarchy, he also created the office of ''custos urbis'' (guardian of the city) to serve as the king’s chief lieutenant. Appointed by the king to serve for life, the ''custos urbis'' served concurrently as the ''Princeps Senatus''. As the second highest office of state, the ''custos urbis'' was the king’s personal representative. In the absence of the king from the city, the ''custos urbis'' exercised all of his powers, which included the powers of convoking the Senate, the popular assemblies and the exercise of force in the event of an emergency. However, the imperium he possessed was only valid within the walls of Rome.
Under the kings, only three men held the position. The first king Romulus appointed Denter Romulius to serve as the first ''custos urbis'', the third king Tullus Hostilius appointed Numa Martius, and the seventh king Tarquinius Superbus appointed Spurius Lucretius.
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